Researcher discusses the important issue is the cohesion of the Islamic civilization and the persistence of the challenges which, if encountered any other civilization ended in the demise. This has been interpreted by force what he calls the collective personality of Islam.
To illustrate this concept from our point of view we Muslims say that what he calls the personal collective is what is stated in the Qur'an: (This is your one nation and I am your Lord, so worship Me) (21/92) of this nation where force the university to Stadtha "left in you what that Thompsktm by will never go astray: the Book of Allah and my Sunnah. " This book is immortal collection of the Islamic nation over the centuries and no matter how weakened the writ of God at the head of every century of renewed as long as her religion, including the Book of Allah. Hence, the enemies of Islam in order to challenge the nation in its site and so isolate them from the Book of Allah in a country that speaks his own language tried to isolate it from the application of concepts and turned into a ritual recited at funerals. The country that speak other languages, Arabic alphabet Kantq have made sure to switch the Arabic script, which connects the Koran and the introduction of foreign characters in preparation to isolate the source of (personal to the collective nation of the Qur'an).
Chapter I
That it is impossible to deny that personal Adamic show plenty of ideas and the plunge of thinking within the limits of memory, and this applies to the personal collective of society and in this case, the traditions of collective memory that describes the reservation together all forms of thinking in society. Specifically, the characteristic of the country is the traditions that are the collective memory. And apply that rule on the scale or geographic races or strain, we call the national borders as well as any other, can, also into force on civics.
And psychologically, the civilian is a tradition of the country independent of geographic conditions and human resources. Technically, the civilian is the sum of developments in society for theoretical and applied sciences and branches of industry and the social sciences, arts, and any other intellectual activities.
These are civil, but not of civilization, civilization is not based on ideology, but AIDS is a moral case, a condition that a permanent spirit of personal or collective spirit of the community. Civilization is the concept of a moral in nature, which is the remains of a moral faculty is significant, despite the clarity of sensory and consists in the soul or in society mediated by ideas and events ongoing and according to moral principles - and civil rights are the fertile soil of civilization, but often can presence without them, and on the contrary, the person or the community may show a high degree of civilization without a civilian and that is what we call the general without education and without knowledge of science and literature.
That the aircraft, pens, anti-venom serums product of the civil and the use of aircraft in the transfer of anti-venom serum, as well as use the pen to sign a check for the hospital is one of the faces of civilization.
In this sense, it has established Islam civilian advanced is for the time being of the greatest civilizations of all time, as well as it also may collect civilization strong and advanced that if we put aside the decay is clear to the political forces, and the breakdown of the apparent Islamic countries, the personal collective of Islam has withstood the all kinds of changes, because the standard profile is the collective public and civic traditions that are not extinguished or extinguished. This is the spirit of Islam as it should be understood by those who are trying to deliberately and in bad faith to tarnish his image.
Although, the decay is clear of the strength of the influence of the Islamic world in the development of dysfunctional types of events in the world has occurred as a result of the survival of a wide range of delusions and errors that are not accepted by the mind, and these have led in the field of medicine to the foundation's poor directions false against Islam. Therefore we aim to erase those mistakes that lead to bad governance on the attitudes of Islam dying all the time.
For example, a look back to the story of the Caliph, who gave orders to 'Amr ibn al-Aas that makes the books of the Library of Alexandria, the famous and fuel to the fire heating in the bathroom of the city, which included books Medical precious, this tale is one of those lies the great advantage in creating stories and history books of estate and bad. The library has burned down by the famous Julius Caesar in 48 BC, as well as the other famous library called the "daughter library" was ruined in 389 AD. . Depending on the order of the Emperor Teodicio ... Therefore it is false altogether and is also a mistake to blame on the Arabs to destroy the source of Sciences, which was reflected in the library of Alexandria, famous, and that is absurd and monstrous, it is still the history books are printed, such as this, lies (in the same way things went until the end of the twentieth century without management did not understand or demonstrate the opposite, to be fair and placed in the proper order of things). This fact highlights for the History of Medicine, where, thanks to Islamic science and practice of medicine among the Arabs, and thanks to their research and writings and translations of Europe was able to get a great deal of knowledge enabled him to m from the development of science later. And it is not for the propaganda and false information is, this fact were not for the obvious one Valmalvat and practical experience serious the Muslim world to the Middle Ages, in Europe, where it was dark prevail in Europe later in this field is elaborated in the following chapters to demonstrate the critical role of Islam the progress of medical science.
Chapter II
Islamic Medicine
(Leadership, innovation, and a link)
Islam was from its inception in direct contact with four civilians is a large Byzantine and Sassanid Persian, Indian, and Chinese, as well as the wood, who opened vast areas involved between Gibraltar and China were armed with three important factors are: intelligence, activity, and high-spirited, and for the worker First, a sharp intellect which aims to the means constructive, and the second factor is the motivation spiritual forces sent by religious fervor, and the third factor is that the gift is normal to understand the beauty and character and force the mouthpiece, which was undoubtedly the origin of the high degree of appreciation of thought and features spiritual.
As a result of all this after the past century has become to Islam and one of the greatest and most important civilizations and cultures, is that the spread of the Islamic state, and stabilized their conditions, the enthusiasm of the strong collective of the Arabs may push them to compile technical achievements, scientific, industrial, economic, health, literature and the arts and philosophy.
In the field of medicine has occupied a leading position among Islamic countries and established a strong base and foundation of our civilization and our civilization.
It is well known that the contact points between the Islamic world and Western Europe and America, had been to Spain and Sicily and the Middle East, and during the Crusades, Syria and Palestine from the call centers in the Islamic world, where contact was made the political, economic and cultural when it was quiet between the Islamic world and small countries in the those areas during the two centuries.
Specifically, it is among the key roles undertaken by Islam in the field of science was the preserve of ideas, knowledge and Tedeidha and coordination, development, and for the civilians of old has been collecting books and study has added the Arabs to a lot of literature original ideas and highlights.
It was a pleasure that has already begun to recognize that medicine and pharmacy from the branches of science that Islam was a decisive impact on research in two in their development, and translation of the Organization for thousands of Arabic works were, a source of wealth of knowledge and helped on the transfer of Arabic medicine to Europe in the Middle Ages. In the same vein, the Arabs established a hospital equipped enough before it like in the western world a thousand years ago.
After a century, was in Baghdad six thousand schools of medicine and medical practitioner about a thousand, then after a hundred years before any other hospital in central Damascus, followed by a large College of Medicine. At that time also held a large hospital in Cairo, which included several buildings and four extensive gardens have provided the music for the convenience of patients, as was paid to the patient who heals five pieces of gold to be able to take into account his health during the period of convalescence. It is clear from this that the hospitals were innovative Islamic and later it spread in the Arab world moved to Europe with the Crusades.
Has also been established in the Islamic world first pharmacies and laboratories of Chemistry and was in the hundreds in Cordoba, Baghdad, Cairo and many other cities, and the Arabs were the first to come to Europe, medications such as rhubarb Ruibarbo, camphor of camphor and nutmeg Vomicanut For male reported Ibn Sina in his medical more than Seven hundred drug.
She moved all the Islamic sciences and Arabic medicine to Europe and great thanks to the links. Strong among researchers early Christians, including Roger Bacon, Roger Bacon "which is defined as an innovative science in Europe, which gleaned the knowledge from the Arabs, as well as Ejreboto Gerberto, who later became Pope Sylvester II, who lived by Bacon and was living in Cordoba, Muslim, where he studied at the hands of Arab professors, also Albert the Great Albert the Great, who refers in his writings to nearly a dozen scientists Arab briefed well on their books through their translations of Latin and, finally, and in order to avoid prolonging mention Raamndoleelao Raimundo Lulio born in Balerz who was fluent in Arabic and contains his library of hundreds of works of Islamic , including the high scientific knowledge gleaned.
The encyclopedia of the great attributes innovation error to Europe has its basis in hard work and long term to the authors of encyclopedias Muslim, and proud of the West, the emergence of encyclopedias in the eighteenth century, although the authors of the encyclopedia appeared in the Islamic world before that four or five or six centuries before their colleagues in Europe.
And I wrote the first extensive organization in Arabic by the group found in Basra in the tenth century, was divided themselves into four groups and called themselves the "Brethren of Purity," and made pursuant to a combined one and fifty search Knower, already covers all the knowledge in that era, including mathematics, medicine, natural sciences and unification, has been used after that as Christians literature in order to research and knowledge in pursuit of the truth.
And emerged later Mosustan more extensive and complete has authored each author separately, The author first is Noueiri Nuwayri who lived in the thirteenth century, and the author the other is the son Fadlallah age Ibn fadl Allah and was a contemporary to him, as A Qalqashandi Encyclopedia of other printed in Cairo and was consists of 14 volumes.
The dictionaries of faces important for synthesis by the Association of Muslim Scholars, which is something you do not measure it, and ideals leading to that dictionary great Arab equivalent to Oxford Dictionary, and Alobstr, and LaRose, was written by Safadi safidi who lived in the fourteenth century, and before that a hundred thousand I Alagafti Ibn Qifti huge encyclopedia called "layers of linguists and grammarians," as that Jacot Jakut dictionary called "Men as well as books, flags great writer Ibn Abi Usaibia Life of doctors layers of doctors."
Chapter III
Characters and books
New research
May be of length is worthwhile to mention all the great personalities that have pioneered in the formation of Islamic medicine and who had the wisdom and knowledge of the credit for the development of medical science, that it would be also unfair not mentioned, even briefly as evidence of the admiration and respect and to prevail mentioned around the world to their position in the the development of medicine.
On top of this group of Arab Doctors Harith bin Caldh who appeared in the first century of Islam (d. 734 AD), and had studied in Persia, the first educate scientifically Arabs in the peninsula and earned the title of honor (a doctor) in medicine according to the rules of the times He was succeeded by Nadar ibn al-Harith, and his mother was an aunt of the Prophet peace be upon him.
The doctors who include them in Court of the Umayyads was the most prominent'm Athaal and Tiadhuq Tuyadhuq are still some of the terminology which was launched in use, the present day, as well as find good senior Masarjouih Masar Jawayh is of Persian origin has been translated from the Syriac into Arabic in search of medical originally written in Greek is called "Aharon" Ahrun, which is the first scientific book written in Arabic, has been reported that the Caliph al-Walid isolating leprosy patients and give them special treatment.
Among the leading figures in Islamic medicine, which Tnasthe Western Europe, with regret, it was Ali Issa, the most famous doctor of the eyes, in the Islamic world, and the son of the CCNP Dzlh the most important scientific research for medical treatments.
In fact, the narrative has long us if we wanted to mention all the names of the flags of Arab medicine, but we finish this research shed light on many of the books is well-known and classified by the Muslim scholars and, although their importance has not received the note until the present day.
After a long search was able to achieve many important works drawn from translations of ancient Greek literature too and other things can not be compensated for all of the assets. Here and earlier models can be and should be utilized as a basis for future research.
First, the important work done in Spain by the Muslim physician Ibn Zuhr, which is a continuation of the direction of Hippocrates (525-113 AD).
Second, the use of the chain of causation and Allakies and experience is what distinguishes the direction purely arbitrator for Muslim Scholars (and followed by the Arabic grammar school in Kufa) and Great importance is found in all types of scientific literature of Islam.
Third, be aware of the need to devote special effort may be what is known from the writings of Arab wealth of information regarding medicine and other sciences, which highlight of the following groups of literature:
1 - The group performed Warraq and Ibn al-Nadim, which includes 22 volumes.
B - books that are attributed to Prince Khalid bin Yazid bin Muawiya, which is closely linked to the application of chemistry in medieval medicine.
C - set the literature on the relationship between science, medicine and magic that can highlight such literature prepared by Ahmed Ibn Mohamed Masmoudi.
D - Arabic translations from Persian, which took place in a medical center in Jundishapur, as well as to translate the important Indian research in the science of toxicology.
E - good works done by the Andalusian Muslim philosopher Ibn Sabin is not the marquee names - and that gathering some of Ibn Tulun, which has received insufficient attention to benefit from them and develop them.
All that said, the real importance and critical of Islamic sciences in the past lies in its impact on the development of medicine in the future, thanks to Islam and found the current rules of medical science, it's time to know such as "these facts and to occupy the Muslim world to its rightful place in the field of science, to be fair, in the in 953 AD sent Otto the Great King of the German ambassador of Him to Cordoba to a monk named John, who lived nearly three years in the capital of the caliphate Andalusian. He learned Arabic perfectly and when he returned to his native country he carried with him hundreds of manuscripts of medical scientific value and that helped to spread the essence of science Arab great in Western Europe in a quick and amazing.
To illustrate this concept from our point of view we Muslims say that what he calls the personal collective is what is stated in the Qur'an: (This is your one nation and I am your Lord, so worship Me) (21/92) of this nation where force the university to Stadtha "left in you what that Thompsktm by will never go astray: the Book of Allah and my Sunnah. " This book is immortal collection of the Islamic nation over the centuries and no matter how weakened the writ of God at the head of every century of renewed as long as her religion, including the Book of Allah. Hence, the enemies of Islam in order to challenge the nation in its site and so isolate them from the Book of Allah in a country that speaks his own language tried to isolate it from the application of concepts and turned into a ritual recited at funerals. The country that speak other languages, Arabic alphabet Kantq have made sure to switch the Arabic script, which connects the Koran and the introduction of foreign characters in preparation to isolate the source of (personal to the collective nation of the Qur'an).
Chapter I
That it is impossible to deny that personal Adamic show plenty of ideas and the plunge of thinking within the limits of memory, and this applies to the personal collective of society and in this case, the traditions of collective memory that describes the reservation together all forms of thinking in society. Specifically, the characteristic of the country is the traditions that are the collective memory. And apply that rule on the scale or geographic races or strain, we call the national borders as well as any other, can, also into force on civics.
And psychologically, the civilian is a tradition of the country independent of geographic conditions and human resources. Technically, the civilian is the sum of developments in society for theoretical and applied sciences and branches of industry and the social sciences, arts, and any other intellectual activities.
These are civil, but not of civilization, civilization is not based on ideology, but AIDS is a moral case, a condition that a permanent spirit of personal or collective spirit of the community. Civilization is the concept of a moral in nature, which is the remains of a moral faculty is significant, despite the clarity of sensory and consists in the soul or in society mediated by ideas and events ongoing and according to moral principles - and civil rights are the fertile soil of civilization, but often can presence without them, and on the contrary, the person or the community may show a high degree of civilization without a civilian and that is what we call the general without education and without knowledge of science and literature.
That the aircraft, pens, anti-venom serums product of the civil and the use of aircraft in the transfer of anti-venom serum, as well as use the pen to sign a check for the hospital is one of the faces of civilization.
In this sense, it has established Islam civilian advanced is for the time being of the greatest civilizations of all time, as well as it also may collect civilization strong and advanced that if we put aside the decay is clear to the political forces, and the breakdown of the apparent Islamic countries, the personal collective of Islam has withstood the all kinds of changes, because the standard profile is the collective public and civic traditions that are not extinguished or extinguished. This is the spirit of Islam as it should be understood by those who are trying to deliberately and in bad faith to tarnish his image.
Although, the decay is clear of the strength of the influence of the Islamic world in the development of dysfunctional types of events in the world has occurred as a result of the survival of a wide range of delusions and errors that are not accepted by the mind, and these have led in the field of medicine to the foundation's poor directions false against Islam. Therefore we aim to erase those mistakes that lead to bad governance on the attitudes of Islam dying all the time.
For example, a look back to the story of the Caliph, who gave orders to 'Amr ibn al-Aas that makes the books of the Library of Alexandria, the famous and fuel to the fire heating in the bathroom of the city, which included books Medical precious, this tale is one of those lies the great advantage in creating stories and history books of estate and bad. The library has burned down by the famous Julius Caesar in 48 BC, as well as the other famous library called the "daughter library" was ruined in 389 AD. . Depending on the order of the Emperor Teodicio ... Therefore it is false altogether and is also a mistake to blame on the Arabs to destroy the source of Sciences, which was reflected in the library of Alexandria, famous, and that is absurd and monstrous, it is still the history books are printed, such as this, lies (in the same way things went until the end of the twentieth century without management did not understand or demonstrate the opposite, to be fair and placed in the proper order of things). This fact highlights for the History of Medicine, where, thanks to Islamic science and practice of medicine among the Arabs, and thanks to their research and writings and translations of Europe was able to get a great deal of knowledge enabled him to m from the development of science later. And it is not for the propaganda and false information is, this fact were not for the obvious one Valmalvat and practical experience serious the Muslim world to the Middle Ages, in Europe, where it was dark prevail in Europe later in this field is elaborated in the following chapters to demonstrate the critical role of Islam the progress of medical science.
Chapter II
Islamic Medicine
(Leadership, innovation, and a link)
Islam was from its inception in direct contact with four civilians is a large Byzantine and Sassanid Persian, Indian, and Chinese, as well as the wood, who opened vast areas involved between Gibraltar and China were armed with three important factors are: intelligence, activity, and high-spirited, and for the worker First, a sharp intellect which aims to the means constructive, and the second factor is the motivation spiritual forces sent by religious fervor, and the third factor is that the gift is normal to understand the beauty and character and force the mouthpiece, which was undoubtedly the origin of the high degree of appreciation of thought and features spiritual.
As a result of all this after the past century has become to Islam and one of the greatest and most important civilizations and cultures, is that the spread of the Islamic state, and stabilized their conditions, the enthusiasm of the strong collective of the Arabs may push them to compile technical achievements, scientific, industrial, economic, health, literature and the arts and philosophy.
In the field of medicine has occupied a leading position among Islamic countries and established a strong base and foundation of our civilization and our civilization.
It is well known that the contact points between the Islamic world and Western Europe and America, had been to Spain and Sicily and the Middle East, and during the Crusades, Syria and Palestine from the call centers in the Islamic world, where contact was made the political, economic and cultural when it was quiet between the Islamic world and small countries in the those areas during the two centuries.
Specifically, it is among the key roles undertaken by Islam in the field of science was the preserve of ideas, knowledge and Tedeidha and coordination, development, and for the civilians of old has been collecting books and study has added the Arabs to a lot of literature original ideas and highlights.
It was a pleasure that has already begun to recognize that medicine and pharmacy from the branches of science that Islam was a decisive impact on research in two in their development, and translation of the Organization for thousands of Arabic works were, a source of wealth of knowledge and helped on the transfer of Arabic medicine to Europe in the Middle Ages. In the same vein, the Arabs established a hospital equipped enough before it like in the western world a thousand years ago.
After a century, was in Baghdad six thousand schools of medicine and medical practitioner about a thousand, then after a hundred years before any other hospital in central Damascus, followed by a large College of Medicine. At that time also held a large hospital in Cairo, which included several buildings and four extensive gardens have provided the music for the convenience of patients, as was paid to the patient who heals five pieces of gold to be able to take into account his health during the period of convalescence. It is clear from this that the hospitals were innovative Islamic and later it spread in the Arab world moved to Europe with the Crusades.
Has also been established in the Islamic world first pharmacies and laboratories of Chemistry and was in the hundreds in Cordoba, Baghdad, Cairo and many other cities, and the Arabs were the first to come to Europe, medications such as rhubarb Ruibarbo, camphor of camphor and nutmeg Vomicanut For male reported Ibn Sina in his medical more than Seven hundred drug.
She moved all the Islamic sciences and Arabic medicine to Europe and great thanks to the links. Strong among researchers early Christians, including Roger Bacon, Roger Bacon "which is defined as an innovative science in Europe, which gleaned the knowledge from the Arabs, as well as Ejreboto Gerberto, who later became Pope Sylvester II, who lived by Bacon and was living in Cordoba, Muslim, where he studied at the hands of Arab professors, also Albert the Great Albert the Great, who refers in his writings to nearly a dozen scientists Arab briefed well on their books through their translations of Latin and, finally, and in order to avoid prolonging mention Raamndoleelao Raimundo Lulio born in Balerz who was fluent in Arabic and contains his library of hundreds of works of Islamic , including the high scientific knowledge gleaned.
The encyclopedia of the great attributes innovation error to Europe has its basis in hard work and long term to the authors of encyclopedias Muslim, and proud of the West, the emergence of encyclopedias in the eighteenth century, although the authors of the encyclopedia appeared in the Islamic world before that four or five or six centuries before their colleagues in Europe.
And I wrote the first extensive organization in Arabic by the group found in Basra in the tenth century, was divided themselves into four groups and called themselves the "Brethren of Purity," and made pursuant to a combined one and fifty search Knower, already covers all the knowledge in that era, including mathematics, medicine, natural sciences and unification, has been used after that as Christians literature in order to research and knowledge in pursuit of the truth.
And emerged later Mosustan more extensive and complete has authored each author separately, The author first is Noueiri Nuwayri who lived in the thirteenth century, and the author the other is the son Fadlallah age Ibn fadl Allah and was a contemporary to him, as A Qalqashandi Encyclopedia of other printed in Cairo and was consists of 14 volumes.
The dictionaries of faces important for synthesis by the Association of Muslim Scholars, which is something you do not measure it, and ideals leading to that dictionary great Arab equivalent to Oxford Dictionary, and Alobstr, and LaRose, was written by Safadi safidi who lived in the fourteenth century, and before that a hundred thousand I Alagafti Ibn Qifti huge encyclopedia called "layers of linguists and grammarians," as that Jacot Jakut dictionary called "Men as well as books, flags great writer Ibn Abi Usaibia Life of doctors layers of doctors."
Chapter III
Characters and books
New research
May be of length is worthwhile to mention all the great personalities that have pioneered in the formation of Islamic medicine and who had the wisdom and knowledge of the credit for the development of medical science, that it would be also unfair not mentioned, even briefly as evidence of the admiration and respect and to prevail mentioned around the world to their position in the the development of medicine.
On top of this group of Arab Doctors Harith bin Caldh who appeared in the first century of Islam (d. 734 AD), and had studied in Persia, the first educate scientifically Arabs in the peninsula and earned the title of honor (a doctor) in medicine according to the rules of the times He was succeeded by Nadar ibn al-Harith, and his mother was an aunt of the Prophet peace be upon him.
The doctors who include them in Court of the Umayyads was the most prominent'm Athaal and Tiadhuq Tuyadhuq are still some of the terminology which was launched in use, the present day, as well as find good senior Masarjouih Masar Jawayh is of Persian origin has been translated from the Syriac into Arabic in search of medical originally written in Greek is called "Aharon" Ahrun, which is the first scientific book written in Arabic, has been reported that the Caliph al-Walid isolating leprosy patients and give them special treatment.
Among the leading figures in Islamic medicine, which Tnasthe Western Europe, with regret, it was Ali Issa, the most famous doctor of the eyes, in the Islamic world, and the son of the CCNP Dzlh the most important scientific research for medical treatments.
In fact, the narrative has long us if we wanted to mention all the names of the flags of Arab medicine, but we finish this research shed light on many of the books is well-known and classified by the Muslim scholars and, although their importance has not received the note until the present day.
After a long search was able to achieve many important works drawn from translations of ancient Greek literature too and other things can not be compensated for all of the assets. Here and earlier models can be and should be utilized as a basis for future research.
First, the important work done in Spain by the Muslim physician Ibn Zuhr, which is a continuation of the direction of Hippocrates (525-113 AD).
Second, the use of the chain of causation and Allakies and experience is what distinguishes the direction purely arbitrator for Muslim Scholars (and followed by the Arabic grammar school in Kufa) and Great importance is found in all types of scientific literature of Islam.
Third, be aware of the need to devote special effort may be what is known from the writings of Arab wealth of information regarding medicine and other sciences, which highlight of the following groups of literature:
1 - The group performed Warraq and Ibn al-Nadim, which includes 22 volumes.
B - books that are attributed to Prince Khalid bin Yazid bin Muawiya, which is closely linked to the application of chemistry in medieval medicine.
C - set the literature on the relationship between science, medicine and magic that can highlight such literature prepared by Ahmed Ibn Mohamed Masmoudi.
D - Arabic translations from Persian, which took place in a medical center in Jundishapur, as well as to translate the important Indian research in the science of toxicology.
E - good works done by the Andalusian Muslim philosopher Ibn Sabin is not the marquee names - and that gathering some of Ibn Tulun, which has received insufficient attention to benefit from them and develop them.
All that said, the real importance and critical of Islamic sciences in the past lies in its impact on the development of medicine in the future, thanks to Islam and found the current rules of medical science, it's time to know such as "these facts and to occupy the Muslim world to its rightful place in the field of science, to be fair, in the in 953 AD sent Otto the Great King of the German ambassador of Him to Cordoba to a monk named John, who lived nearly three years in the capital of the caliphate Andalusian. He learned Arabic perfectly and when he returned to his native country he carried with him hundreds of manuscripts of medical scientific value and that helped to spread the essence of science Arab great in Western Europe in a quick and amazing.
